Can Hurricanes Form Over the Great Lakes?

Hurricanes are powerful storms that normally form over warm ocean waters in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. However, there are rare instances where hurricanes can develop over land or body of water with a higher latitude and cooler temperatures. One question that has puzzled meteorologists and the general public alike is whether hurricanes can form over the Great Lakes.

The Short Answer: Yes, But It’s Unlikely

While it is theoretically possible for a hurricane to form over the Great Lakes, it is extremely unlikely. Hurricanes require a specific set of atmospheric conditions, including warm surface water, relatively low pressure in the atmosphere, and moisture-rich air near the surface. The Great Lakes, which are located in the northern part of North America, do not provide the necessary conditions for hurricane formation.

Why Can’t Hurricanes Form Over the Great Lakes?

There are several reasons why hurricanes cannot form over the Great Lakes:

1. Temperature: The water temperatures in the Great Lakes are much cooler than those of the ocean. Hurricanes need warm water to capture energy from the sun and heat the atmosphere. The average water temperature in the Great Lakes ranges from 32°F (0°C) in winter to 55°F (13°C) in summer, which is too cold for hurricanes.
2. Latitude: Hurricanes typically form between 5° and 20° latitude north and south of the equator. The Great Lakes are located at a much higher latitude, with Lake Superior at 47.5°N and Lake Erie at 41.5°N.
3. Pressure: Hurricanes require a specific range of atmospheric pressure to develop and maintain their strength. The pressure over the Great Lakes is generally too high for hurricane formation.
4. Moisture: Hurricanes need a certain level of atmospheric moisture to undergo rapid intensification. While the Great Lakes do receive significant precipitation, the surrounding terrain and atmospheric conditions do not provide the necessary moisture for hurricane development.

Rare Exception: The 1940 “Lake Superior Hurricane”

In 1940, a rare and unusual storm formed over Lake Superior, which some meteorologists have referred to as the “Lake Superior Hurricane.” This storm was not a traditional hurricane, as it did not have a closed circulation or reach hurricane-force winds. However, it did display some characteristics similar to a hurricane, including a low-pressure system and strong wind gusts.

Conclusion

While it is theoretically possible for a hurricane to form over the Great Lakes, the chances are extremely low. The combination of cool water temperatures, high latitude, and low atmospheric moisture makes it unlikely for such a storm to develop. The Great Lakes are a significant source of freshwater and play a crucial role in the regional climate, but they are not prone to hurricanes.